Primary sources and NGO reports
- UN Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Iran. Established 2022; March 2024 report concluded Iran committed crimes against humanity of murder, imprisonment, torture, rape, persecution and enforced disappearance.
- UN Special Rapporteur on Iran. Mandate held by Mai Sato (since 2024). Annual reports to the Human Rights Council.
- Amnesty International — Iran. Annual State of the World reports; thematic investigations into executions and women's rights.
- Human Rights Watch — Iran. World Report annual chapter and rolling investigations.
- Iran Human Rights (IHR). Oslo-based NGO. Annual death-penalty report (with ECPM) is the most-cited execution data.
- HRANA — Human Rights Activists News Agency. Independent Iranian monitor; primary source for daily detentions and casualties.
- Center for Human Rights in Iran (CHRI). New York-based organisation. Authoritative case files on political prisoners.
- Iran Human Rights Documentation Center (IHRDC). New Haven archive of primary-source evidence on Iranian state crimes since 1979.
- Abdorrahman Boroumand Center. Washington archive cataloguing every documented execution since 1979 in the Omid Memorial.
- Hengaw Organisation for Human Rights. Independent Kurdish-Iranian human-rights group. Primary source for Kordestan, Kermanshah, Ilam and West Azerbaijan provinces.
- BBC Verify — Iran investigations. Open-source verification of protest videos. Confirmed the Two Nights (Jan 2026) and the killing of Mahsa Amini.
- Reuters investigations. Reported the Iranian Interior Ministry's internal ~1,500 death toll from November 2019.
- Associated Press — Iran. Wire reporting on protests, executions and Supreme Leader statements.
- The New York Times — Iran. Foreign-desk reporting; archive includes definitive coverage of 1979 revolution and 1988 executions.
- Le Monde — Iran. French-language foreign-desk reporting on Iran.
- Iran International. Persian-language satellite channel; published leaked CT scans in the Mahsa Amini case.
- Radio Farda (RFE/RL). Persian-language service of Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty.
- Wikimedia Commons — Iran 2022–2026 protests. Open-licence photographic and video archive.
- BOOK — Ervand Abrahamian, 'Tortured Confessions' (1999). University of California Press. Standard academic history of political imprisonment in Iran.
- BOOK — Geoffrey Robertson QC, 'The Massacre of Political Prisoners in Iran, 1988' (2010). Definitive legal analysis of the 1988 mass executions.
- BOOK — Azadeh Moaveni, 'Lipstick Jihad' (2005) and 'Honeymoon in Tehran' (2009). First-person reportage on women's resistance.
- FILM — 'Holy Spider' (Ali Abbasi, 2022). Cannes-awarded dramatisation of the Mashhad serial killings and state complicity.
- FILM — 'Seven Winters in Tehran' (Steffi Niederzoll, 2023). Documentary on Reyhaneh Jabbari, executed in 2014.
Machine-readable bibliography
A machine-readable version is available at /data/citations.json.